the risks associated with economic interdependencies, including the increased imposition of export restrictions on critical raw materials in recent years. However, the EU’s trade and international partnership [...] by Johannes Lindner, Francesco Findeisen, and Philipp Jäger 735 KB The EU struggles to remain internationally competitive, with pressures intensifying since the Russian war in Ukraine. Many factors, most [...] policy paradigm and strict state aid rules, but with industrial policy set to be “the new normal” internationally, Europe must respond in kind. Recommendations First, in setting up its industrial policy, the